Initial

In 1669, the French explorer Roberto de la Salle entered the site for the first time as a European, while on an expedition up Lake Ontario from Quebec and down the Ohio River. In 1717, European merchants built trading posts and settlements along the Ohio, Argainey and Monongaheira rivers, and the history of Pittsburgh began.

The site of a small fortress in Fort Pitt. Built in 1764, it is the oldest existing building in Pittsburgh.

In 1749, the French troops, who had been stationed in Quebec, went down the Allegheny River to join the Canadian colonies with the French Louisiana in a river, and advanced to this place, the confluence with the Monongahira River. British Robert Dinwiddle, the Governor-General of the Virginia Colony, sent Major George Washington here to warn the French army to withdraw from the area. From 1753 to 1754, England built Fort Prince George on this site, but the French army advanced to this fort and forced the English to retreat and built Fort Dukane on the site. In time, France, referring to the discovery by La Salle in 1669, asserted its right to rule the Ohio Valley, and the French-Indian War broke out between England and France over its right to rule. The first attack on Fort Dukein by General Edward Braddock (the Battle of Monongaheira) failed, but the second attack by General John Forbes in 1758 was successful and forced the French to retreat from Fort Dukein and destroy the fort. After that Forbes ordered William Pitt to build a Fort in the place, and named the settlement Pittsborough. The name Pittsborough was later shortened to Pittsburgh in 1794.

During the Pontiac War, which broke out in 1763, Pitt Fort was surrounded for two months by Native American tribes in the Ohio River Valley and around the Great Lakes. Colonel Henry Bouquet defeated the Native American army in the Battle of Bussiran and opened up Pitt Fort. In 1768, the Fort Stanwix Convention was concluded, and the territory of the Iroquois Federation was ceded to the United States, and the regions except the North Side of the present Pittsburgh City were incorporated into Pennsylvania. In 1784, the second Fort Stanwix Convention was concluded and the regions north of the Ohio River, including the present North Side, and the Algainey River Basin were incorporated into Pennsylvania. On the other hand, the area had been in dispute with Virginia since the colonial period over the border between the two provinces, but the agreement between the two states in 1780 concluded that the Mason-Dixon line would be extended to the west. Pittsburgh was owned by Pennsylvania in 1785. Later, in 1794, Pittsburgh became the official ward of Pennsylvania and was promoted to the city in 1816.

industrial development

Monongahira river riverbank scene (1857)

After the War of Independence, various industries developed in Pittsburgh. The early industry in Pittsburgh was the shipbuilding industry aimed at settlers to enter the Ohio Territory by boat. At the end of the 18th century, the glass industry started in Pittsburgh. By 1815, Pittsburgh was a major production area of iron, brass, tin and glass products. In the 1830s, a mass of steel workers in Pittsburgh were brought to Pittsburgh due to the riots that took place in Melsil Tidville, Wales. Around 1857, 1,000 factories were built in Pittsburgh, consuming 22 million bushels of coal a year.

The Civil War created demand for iron and military supplies and enriched the local economy of Pittsburgh. In 1875, Andrew Carnegie set up Edgar Thomson Iron Works in North Braddock Town in the suburbs, and production of steel started in the Pittsburgh region. The ironworks later became Carnegie Steel Company. Carnegie Steel grew by introducing a refining method of steel invented by Henry Bessemer. In 1901, Carnegie Steel was integrated with the Federal Steel Company and the National Steel Company to establish US Steel. US Steel Co., Ltd., the largest steel company in the United States, has its headquarters in Pittsburgh, and Jones & Rocklin Steel, etc. have also established the status of Pittsburgh in the steel industry. In the 1910s, 1/3 to 1/2 of the steel produced in the United States was produced in Pittsburgh.

As the industry developed, the population increased rapidly. In 1910, Pittsburgh had a population of 533,905, and was the eighth largest city in the United States after New York (4,766,883), Chicago (2,185,283), Philadelphia (1,549,008), St. Louis (687,029), Boston (670,585), Cleveland (560,663), and Baltimore Baltimore (5588). Many of the more than 500,000 residents were European immigrants that had come to Japan through Ellis Island.

Pittsburgh downtown (1920)

Machine Politics and Municipal Reform

In Pittsburgh, which developed rapidly as a city of industry, the leaders of the business industry were still the political leaders, and the executives appointed and appointed to work for themselves. City public investment has been implemented to facilitate their business.

In the cities of the United States, when the population increased in the late 19th century and the votes of workers became indispensable for the election, a machine was developed to collect the votes for individual convenience to the middle and lower class citizens and to use them to rule the city. Pittsburgh's machine, called Christopher Maggie, who distinguished himself from city officials, and Republican Maggie Flynn Ring, who was founded in 1880 by William Flynn, who rose from a laborer to a business man, completely dominated Pittsburgh's politics until 1901. Maggie and Flynn basically didn't get a public position, and they made their relatives, friends, and subordinates elected as councilors of the city assembly, and they appointed executives at their will through the members. The city's policies and public works were made to benefit companies in Flynn.

Although machine control gained the support of the middle and lower class masses through profit-making, the management of companies that did not gain profit from corruption and professionals such as doctors and lawyers were dissatisfied. They started a campaign for city government reform from the end of the 19th century, pursuing machine corruption and forming a Civic League. In 1899, a rebel from the Machine formed a Civic Party and joined the Civic League, and when Maggie died in 1901, Maggie Flynn Ring lost the election and collapsed quickly. In 1905, Democratic Party of Japan's pro-civil reform George Guzlow was elected mayor. The city government reform did not necessarily encourage participation in the citizens, but rather, by cutting off the chance to participate, the system was dismantled and the system was moved to create a centralized and professional city government.

decline and regeneration

In 2009, Pittsburgh invited world leaders to host the G20 summit.

During World War II, Pittsburgh produced as many as 95 million tons of steel. However, around this time, smog occurred due to air pollution caused by burning coal and producing steel. Air pollution itself had already appeared in 1868, as Boston writer James Parton described Pittsburgh as hell with the lid off (the hell that showed the terrible world), but it came to be revealed about 80 years later. Although Pittsburgh's industry continued to develop in the 1960s, the local steel industry declined in the 1970s. The factories were forced to close one after another, and the city was flooded with unemployment. However, in the 1980s, Pittsburgh took off from their previous industrial structures, which had been dependent on the steel industry, and they were able to recover their vitality by shifting to a regional economy that focused on high-tech, insurance, education, finance and services.

Pittsburgh is located at 40 degrees 26 minutes 30 seconds north latitude and 80 degrees 0 minutes 0 seconds west longitude. The city is located about 490km west of Philadelphia and about 200km southeast of Cleveland. According to the United States Statistical Bureau, Pittsburgh City has a total area of 151.1km² (58.3 mi²). 143.9km² (55.5mi²) is land and 7.1km² (2.8mi²) is water area. The area accounts for 4.75% of the total area.

terrain

look up at the Mount Washington area from the south coast of the Ohio River

Pittsburgh is located on the ground of Allegheny Plateau, where the Allegheny River, which flows from northeast and the Monongahira River, which flows from southeast, join together to form the Ohio River. The downtown area is located near the confluence where it is formed in an area called the "Golden Triangle" between the Alleghini River and the Monongahira River. The confluence point is Pointe State Park, and it is sometimes simply called "The Point."

Even in cities on the same Argay Plateau, the features of Acron and Young Town, which are covered by glaciers during the last glacial period and located in eroded areas, are relatively smooth, while the features of Pittsburgh, which are not covered by glaciers and located in areas that have not been eroded, are richly undulating. Especially on the south bank of the Monongaheira-gawa River, steep cliffs close to the river are located, and many steep slopes and the steps cannot be passed through the city; the road from the south side to downtown has a long tunnel under the hill to moderate the slopes, and the cliffs are connected by two funicular railways called inlines. On the north bank of the Algainey River, there are many steep slopes because of the undulating landscape of the hills. Although the east side of the downtown area is slightly more gentle than the north and south sides, the downtown area also has a series of hills, which look like a basin surrounded by hills.

Because the city area is expanded to land with such geographical features, and urban areas and residential areas are formed, the elevation of Pittsburgh varies considerably from region to region. The height of downtown is about 220-250m, while the shore of the Ohio River is 216m above sea level, the height of Mount Washington area on the cliff is about 320-350m, which rises at a stretch above 100m from the shore. The Algainey Observatory located in the northern Perry North area is at 372m. The Oakland area to the east of downtown is about 270-310m high.

climate

Although Pittsburgh belongs to the warm wet climate (Cfa) in the climate division of Keppen, it has a severe winter cold compared with New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore on the Atlantic coast, and also has a lot of snow not as much as Cleveland, Ellie, Buffalo, and Rochester on the south coast of Lake Ontario, but also similar to continental subtropical wet climate distributed in most of the Midwest. The hottest July average temperature is about 23°C, sometimes exceeding 30°C during the day. The coldest January average temperature is 2°C below freezing point and may drop below 15°C at night. The amount of rainfall is large during the summer period from May to August, reaching about 90-110mm per month, but the rest of the month is almost fixed, and is about 60-80mm per month and 970mm per year. The monthly snowfall from December to March is 14-19cm and the annual snowfall is about 75cm.

urban overview

Map of locations in Pittsburgh

Pittsburgh City is divided roughly into four areas: downtown and the surrounding North Side, South Side, East End and West End. These areas have been subdivided into 90 districts in total.

The downtown area is densely packed with a triangular area of about 1.7km² between the Allegheny and Monongahira rivers. In the downtown area, there are many high rise and skyscrapers, including US Steel Tower, the tallest building in Pittsburgh. In the downtown area, the area covering 14 blocks along the Algainey River used to be a red-light area, but with the Pittsburgh Cultural Trust, established in 1984, it was transformed into a cultural area filled with works of art and culture, including theaters and art museums. In addition, new condominiums have been built in downtown areas, and old office buildings have been converted to apartments, forming residential areas that are close to the job.

a row of houses on the North Side

The North Side stretches to the north bank of the Alleghini and Ohio rivers. This area was originally a separate city from Pittsburgh, called Allegheny City, but it was incorporated into Pittsburgh in 1907 and has been used up to this day. The North Side is mainly an old residential area, with Victorian houses built in the 19th century. These houses were mainly made of brick or stone, decorated with wood, ceramic tiles, slate roofs, and stained glass. On the other hand, the North Shore District, located along the Argainey River and on the other side of the downtown area, is an extension of the downtown area, and two stadiums, the baseball PNC Park and the football Heinz Field, were established in 2001, as well as cultural facilities such as the Carnegie Science Center and the Andy Warhol Museum.

Carson Street Streets

South Side, which stretches to the south bank of the Monongaheira River, used to be a dense residential area lined with cheap houses where workers working in the steel industry once lived. However, since the 1990s, the area has been reactivated and commercial business has been developing. One example was Carson Street, which turned into a commercial district and entertainment district along the street with a number of stores, ethnic restaurants, bars and nightclubs. In 1993, the Pittsburgh City Redevelopment Bureau bought the site of the South Side Works steel mill and worked with the local community and real estate developers to establish a redevelopment master plan to build an indoor football training ground for use by offices, houses, health facilities, river parks, Pittsburgh Steelers and the Panthers of the University of Pittsburgh. Construction started in 1998, and opened in 2002 as a commercial complex with shops, restaurants and offices called Southside Works. In 2007, the American Eagle Outfitters moved their headquarters from Warrendale, located in the northern suburb, to Southside Works.

Auckland District

The east end of the downtown area stretches in different ways. Carnegie Mellon University and Pittsburgh University set up a campus, and the Oakland area, where cultural facilities are concentrated, is a city's cultural district. Therefore, many students live in the Auckland area. On the other hand, the Shadyside area and the Scuwral Hill area, which spread to the east of the Auckland area, are high-class residential areas. The Bloomfield district, which stretches north of the Shadyside district, is called Little Italie of Pittsburgh, and the Italian and Italian variety stores stand side by side. Further north of Bloomfield, along the Algainey River, lies the Lawrence Building district, where many artists live. The strip area, which stretches along the Allegheny River to the west of the Lawrence Building area and to the northeast of the downtown, is a pleasure quarter with street stalls during the day and nightclubs lining the eaves.

The south bank of the Ohio River and the west of the South Side are called the West End. This area, like the North Side, was originally established separately from Pittsburgh and was called Tenperansville, but was incorporated into Pittsburgh in 1872. West End is a residential area.

building

a skyscraper in downtown Pittsburgh Left: US Steel Tower Center: BNY Melon Center Right: One PPG Place

In Pittsburgh City, there are nine high rise buildings of over 150m in height, of which eight are concentrated in downtown. The 64-story US Steel Tower, built in 1970 as the headquarters building of US Steel, is the tallest building in Pittsburgh. It was the tallest building in Pennsylvania as well as Pittsburgh until One Liberty Place was completed in Philadelphia in 1987. Like the Shinjuku Sumitomo Building in Shinjuku Ward, Tokyo, the building has a triangle with sharp corners from the top. After the US Steel Tower, the 54-story BUNY Melon Center (formerly known as One Melon Center) is located at 221m high. The building had its headquarters before Mellon Financial merged with Bank of New York. The third highest place in the city after the BNY Melon Center is the 40-story one-PPG Place, 194m tall. Built as the headquarters building of PPG Industries, this building is suitable for the head office building of a glass maker and is covered with glass. Also, the four corners of the roof have pointed towers, which give the appearance of the towers of medieval Europe.

Other high rise buildings of 150m height or higher in downtown include Fifth Avenue Place (31 stories, 188m height), One Oxford Center (45 stories, 187m height), Gulf Building (44 stories, 177m height), 525 William Penplace (formerly Three Melon Center, 41 stories, 158m height), and One Oliver Plaza (formerly Free Markets Center, 39 stories, and 156m height).

The rest is the main building of Pittsburgh University, whose campus is located in the Oakland area, and the cathedral of learning. The 42-story Gothic Revival style building, which started to be constructed in 1926 and was completed in 1937, is 163m tall and is the tallest building in the United States and is the tallest building in the world after the main building of Moscow University. Inside the Church of Learning, there is a Commons room, four stories high, and a classroom that follows each country's theme. This school building was designated as a national historical register in 1975.

Pittsburgh City Argay County Building

Pittsburgh is the place where the first Republican national convention was held in 1856. Since then, until the 1930s, the Republican power in Pittsburgh was overwhelmingly strong. However, in the 1929 Great Depression and the subsequent U.S. recession, the Republican power in Pittsburgh rapidly weakened. Since William N. McNeire was elected the Democratic Mayor in 1934, the Democratic Party has dominated both the Mayor and the City Council in Pittsburgh. Today, Pittsburgh's election registration ratio between the Democratic Party and the Republican Party is 5:1.

The Pittsburgh Municipal Government office is located in the Pittsburgh City and Argay County Joint Office. Pittsburgh is a city mayor system and the city council consists of nine members. The term of office of mayor and city councilor is four years. Pittsburgh's City Assembly election is a single-seat constituency system in which the city is divided into nine single-seat constituencies and each is selected.

After the death of the then mayor, Bob O'Connor, in September 2006, Luke Raven Stoll, the chairman of the city council, assumed the post of mayor to complete the term of O'Connor. Raven Stoll was 26 years old when he took office and was the youngest mayor in the history of Pittsburgh. Then, Raven Stoll was elected in the special election held in 2007 and in the regular mayor election held in 2009. However, he did not run in the 2013 mayoral election, and Bill Pedot, the Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ), who became the third candidate, was elected as mayor.

In the Pennsylvania State Council, three state senators and nine state congressmen's constituencies are in Pittsburgh. Pittsburgh belongs to the Pennsylvania's 14th electoral district in the U.S. House of Representatives election.

From the late 19th century to the mid-20th century, the regional economy of Pittsburgh was supported by the steel industry.

According to the Pattman report in 1968, the Melon Zaibatsu managed 72.3% of Pittsburgh's total trust assets. Since the 1970s, Pittsburgh has moved to high-tech industries such as robotics, biomedical technology, and nuclear engineering, as well as the economy centered on the insurance, financial, tourism and service industries.

Within the Pittsburgh metropolitan area, the following eight companies from Fortune 500 have their headquarters.

Headquarters plant of Heinz

• US Steel - Steel (U.S. largest)
• PPG Industries - Glass & Chemistry
• Heinz - Food (known for ketchup)
• PNC Financial Services - Financial
• Wesco International - Electrical Work, Maintenance and Repair
• Argay Technologies - Steel and Non-ferrous Metals
• Myran-Pharmaceutical
• Consol Energy - Coal

In addition to the above-mentioned companies, Pittsburgh is the birthplace of aluminum's major Alcoa, where the company still has an important base, and Bank of New York Mellon also has an important base in the area where Mellon Financial Co.'s head office is located. FedEx's subsidiary, FedEx Ground, headquartered in Moon Town Ship in the suburbs of Pittsburgh. Pittsburgh also has the headquarters of a U.S.-based company in Bayer, a major German pharmaceutical company, and the headquarters of the consumer products department of GlaxoSmithKline, a major British pharmaceutical company.

Pittsburgh International Airport

The airport, which serves as the gateway to Pittsburgh, is located about 22km northwest of downtown (IATA: PIT). The airport is a wide-ranging, empty entrance to Pittsburgh and their urban areas as well as Young Stown, Steubenville, Wheeling and Morgan Town, including eastern Ohio and northern West Virginia. The airport, which had been the largest hub airport in US Airways until 2004, had been removed from the focus airport and significantly reduced its flight due to the company's worsening business and the merger with American West Airlines. However, the relationship between Pittsburgh, the birthplace of the All-American Aviation Corporation, and US Airways remains deep, and in 2007, the Global Flight Operation Center was established in Pittsburgh to integrate the former flight operation center of the company.

Pittsburgh has three interstate highways: I-70, I-76 and I-79. I-70 goes west to Wheeling and Columbus, and east to Heigerstown and Baltimore Washington D.C. I-76 goes northwest towards Young's Town and Cleveland Acron, and east towards Harrisburg and Philadelphia. I-79 goes north towards Erie, and south towards Morgan Town and Charleston.

I-376 through downtown. The arch bridge on the left is Fort Pitt Bridge over the Monongaheira River

However, these expressways have a circular road surrounding the city in a triangular shape, and their branch lines run through the city center. I-376, a branch of the I-76, runs from the east side of the city through tunnels and Auckland areas dug under the Swirler Hill area to the center of the city, while in downtown, it runs on the north bank of the Monongahira River in the south. To the west end of the downtown, I-376 crosses the Monongahira River, goes west through a long tunnel called Fort Pitt Tunnel dug under the Mount Washington District to overcome the difference in elevation on the south coast, passes through Pittsburgh International Airport, runs north of the city in the northwest with the I-76 Main Line, runs to I-80. I-279, a branch of I-79, runs from the north side of the city to the center of the city, crosses the Argay River and joins I-376 at the west end of downtown. I-579, also a branch of I-79, branches off to I-279 on the north bank of the Argay River and crosses the river to the east end of downtown.

There is Union Station of Amtrak in downtown, where the long-distance Capitol Limited, which connects Washington D.C. and Chicago via Cleveland, stops. The station is the terminal of the middle-distance train, the Pennsylvania Steamer, which runs east to west through Philadelphia from New York.

Pittsburgh light rail

Pittsburgh's public transportation is managed by the Port and Harbor Authority of Allegheny County. The station operates four light rails, running from downtown to the southern suburb of the city, a bus network that covers the city vertically and horizontally, and a cable railroad called Monongahira Incline, which rises and descends the steep cliff on the south bank of the Monghaira River. The light rail runs underground in downtown but runs mostly on the ground. Additionally, the exclusive bus route is provided to the west, south and east of the city.

The Dukein Incline, a funicular railroad that runs up and down the cliff on the south bank of the Ohio River, located downstream of the Monongahira Incline, is operated by a non-profit conservation association, separate from the Port Authority of Allegheny County. Opened in 1877, this funicular railway is being used by tourists not only by local residents but also by providing a panoramic view of downtown from the train window.

higher education

Carnegie Mellon University

There are many universities in Pittsburgh and in the metropolitan area. The Carnegie Technology School established by Andrew CARNEGIE in 1900 and the Carnegie Mellon University established by Andrew MELLON in 1913 are the most highly acclaimed and are well known not only in the United States but also worldwide. The private university is always ranked in the top 25th place in the U.S. National University Rankings, which is published annually by US News & World Report. The school has received a particularly high reputation in the fields of computer science, public policy management, economics, and art, as well as traditional engineering from the time of Carnegie Technical School. The university has about 6,000 undergraduate students and about 5,000 graduate students, and it has about 5,000 000m² campuses in the Oakland area, a cultural district of Pittsburgh, where the downtown area is located about five kilometers east of the university, educational institutions, research institutions and cultural facilities are concentrated. In 2005, the school established a Japanese school in Chuo Ward, Kobe City, Hyogo Prefecture, aiming to become a research base for information security education in Asia.

Pittsburgh University

To the west of Carnegie Mellon University, there is a campus for about 530,000m² of Pittsburgh University. Founded in 1787 as a private higher education institution called the Pittsburgh Academy, the university was incorporated into the higher education system in Pennsylvania in 1966 as a 'state-affiliated university'. It is a large university with about 27,000 undergraduate and 17,000 graduate students. The university ranked the top 20 state universities in the U.S. News & World Report and ranked the top 60 in the overall ranking. The school has received high marks in the fields of medicine, dentistry, pharmacy, health care, nursing, information science and social welfare. The University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), a hospital located on the west side of the Auckland area, is one of the best hospitals in the country. The Physics and Astronomy Department of the University has an Argay Observatory on a hill in the Perry North area at the northern end of the city.

Dukein University

Dukane University has a campus of about 200,000m² in the Braff area, south-east of downtown. It is a medium-sized private Catholic university with about 6,000 undergraduate and 4,500 graduate students, and is educated in a small class. The US News & World Report's university ranking is ranked among the top 150, and its graduate schools in the fields of law, business, and pharmacy have received high marks in addition to its traditional liberal arts that have been established in 1878.

In addition, the following universities have campus in Pittsburgh City or in urban areas.

• Carlow University - A small private Catholic university with a campus in the Auckland area, approximately 1,900 undergraduate and 500 graduate students. It was founded in 1929 at a women's university, and it was integrated into the school in 1945, but more than 90% of the students are still present.
• Chatham University - A women's liberal arts college established in 1869, whose campus is located in the Shadyside area (but the graduate school is jointly studied).
• Point Park University - An urban university that has no land reserved for its campus and has school buildings in several locations in downtown. It has about 4,000 students. Founded in 1960, Pittsburgh is the newest four-year university in the city. He focuses on the field of journalism and acting art.
• Community College of Allegheny County Community College, a two-year community college established in 1966. In addition to the main campus in the North Shore district, there are three campuses in Argay County, where more than 60,000 students are studying.
• La Roche College (La Roche College): A small private Catholic university established in 1963 with a campus in McCandres located in the north of the campus, with approximately 1,700 undergraduate and 250 graduate students.
• Pennsylvania State University of Pennsylvania - Medium State University with 7,000 undergraduate and 700 graduate students, whose campus is located in the northern suburb of Slippery Rock.
• Robert Morris University - A medium-sized private university established in 1921 with approximately 4,000 undergraduate and 1,100 graduate students, whose campus is located in the Moon Town Ship in the suburbs.
• Geneva College - Presbyterian Liberal Arts College established in 1848 with a campus in Beaver Falls in the northwest, with about 1,600 undergraduate and 250 graduate students.
• Washington and Jefferson University (Washington & Jefferson College) - A private liberal arts college with about 1,500 students on a campus in Washington, a suburb of the southwest. The Liberal Arts College, which has a long history established in 1781, has received the top 100 ratings among the Liberal Arts Colleges across the United States.
• California University of Pennsylvania - A mid-sized state university established in 1852 with approximately 6,700 undergraduate and 1,400 graduate students, whose campus is located in the southern suburb of California.
• Seton Hill University: A private Catholic university established in 1883, whose campus was located in Greensburg, the east of Tokyo.
• Saint Vincent College (Saint Vincent College) - A Catholic liberal arts college with a campus in Lato Lobe, located on the outskirts of St. Vincent's College, with about 1,600 undergraduate and 200 graduate students. When it was founded in 1846, it was a university for boys, and in 1983 it was integrated into the school.

elementary and secondary education

The K-12 program in Pittsburgh is supported by public schools under the jurisdiction of the Pittsburgh Public School District. The school district is the second largest public school district in Pennsylvania and operates 66 schools, from kindergarten through high school, with about 26,000 students and children attending the school. In addition to public schools, there are several other schools of church and other private schools in Pittsburgh.

library

Pittsburgh's public library system, the Pittsburgh Carnegie Library System, has 19 libraries in the city, including its main building located in the Auckland area. These libraries, like other Carnegie libraries across the United States, were established by Andrew Carnegie for his personal property. The Pittsburgh Carnegie Library system has over 6.5 million books, and is one of the largest books in the United States.

Between the 19th and 20th centuries, local business men and non-profit organizations have contributed millions of dollars to build educational and cultural institutions in Pittsburgh. Therefore, Pittsburgh has become a city rich in art and cultural assets.

acting art

Heinz Hall		Benedam Center

Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra is based in Heinz Hall and Pittsburgh Opera is based in Benedam Center. Heinz Hall was originally a movie theater called the Rows Pen Theater built in 1927. However, in the 1960s, when the business deteriorated, Henry J. HEINZ, the president of Heinz, bought the movie theater and its site and renovated it, and in 1971 it was refurbished as a theater to give performances of all acting arts, and the theater was named Heinz. On the other hand, the Benedam Center was built as a movie theater called Stanley Theater in 1928, used as a live house for rock from 1977 to 1982, and then reproduced as a theater in 1987. The Benedam Center was designated a National Register of Historic Places in 1986 as "Stanley Theater and Clark Building". In addition to these theaters located in downtown's cultural district, performances by the River City Brass Band and the Pittsburgh Youth Symphony Orchestra are also held.

The university also contributes to the promotion of Pittsburgh's art of acting. Tamburitzans, a multi-cultural acting art organization of Duquesne University students, performs mainly in songs and dances in Eastern Europe. Pointpark University has a theater called Pittsburgh Playhouse in the Auckland area. In this theater, three acting art organizations, consisting of students of the same school, perform as their base, in addition to a professional acting art organization called the Rep.

Museums and museums

Carnegie Institute

Andrew Carnegie, the iron and steel king, also invested the money in museums and museums. Carnegie Institute (different from the Carnegie Institute) located in the Oakland area is a complex cultural facility in which the Carnegie Museum of Art, the Carnegie Museum of Natural History, the Pittsburgh Carnegie Library Main Hall and the Carnegie Music Hall are located in a single facility.

The Carnegie Museum opened in 1895 is known for its collection of modern and contemporary art works. In addition, the museum exhibits works of American art after the 19th century, works of Impressionists and Postimpressionists of France, and decorative works of art of Europe and America after the late 17th century. The museum also has an exhibition space specialized in architecture and sculpture. The Carnegie Museum of Natural History, which opened in 1896, is known for its collection of dinosaurs and is the third largest museum in the United States after the National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C. and the American Museum of Natural History in New York.

Carnegie Science Center, located in the North Shore area, opened in 1991, exhibits technical exhibits, including the United States Navy submarine Lequin. The Andy Warhol Museum, also located in the North Shore area, exhibits works by Andy Warhol, a pop art flagman born of Pittsburgh, as its name suggests. The museum is the largest museum in the United States that specializes in one artist.

The four museums and museums that Andrew Carnegie had built or that Carnegie Institute had been involved in, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Carnegie Museum of Science, Carnegie Center of Science and Andy Warhol Museum are collectively called "Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh."

In addition to these art museums and museums, there are other art museums in Pittsburgh, such as the Center for Flick Art and History, the Pittsburgh Art Center, and the Mattress Factory. Pittsburgh Art Garden is an open-air art museum designed to give artistic quality to landscape gardening and to display it. The Strip area is home to Senator John Heinz Pittsburgh Regional History Center and the West Pennsylvania Sports Museum. On the hill of O'Hara Township, about 10km northeast of downtown, there stands the Bielnhoff Museum of Music, which looks like a German mansion.

sport

In Pittsburgh, three other leagues out of the four major North American Professional Sports Leagues: MLB, NFL, NBA and NHL have a team. The Pittsburgh Pirates of the Major League Baseball, the Pittsburgh Steelers of the NFL and the Pittsburgh Penguins of the NHL all make their team colors black and gold, the official city color.

PNC Park

The Pirates have been in existence since 1882 and joined the American Association as an early member, and are a team with a long tradition and experience with five World Series titles. He moved to the National League in 1887 and won his first league title in 1901 and his first World Series title in 1909. In the 1970s, it was especially strong and won six district titles in the East District (then), among which it won the World Series in 1971 and 1979. However, in the 1980s, the team became weak, and all of them won the league championship for three consecutive years from 1990 to 1992, but were defeated in the league championship final, and from 1993 to 2010, the World Champion was far from winning the league championship for 18 consecutive years of losing Major League Worst. The Pirates shared Three Rivers Stadium, which was built downtown from 1970 to 2000, with the Steelers, but since 2001, the Pirates have used the PNC Park, which was built in the North Shore area as a stadium for baseball.

Heinz Field

The Steelers is the fifth longest-running NFL team established in 1933. The Steelers, called Team of the Decade in the 1970s, celebrated the golden age. During that time, the team won the district title in 1972, and also won the district title for six consecutive years from 1974 to 1979, among which four Super Bowl titles were won in 1974, 1975, 1978 and 1979. In the 1980s, there were a lot of ordinary seasons, but from the 1990s to 2000s, the team was often in the top position, and in 2005, it won the fifth Super Bowl title and in 2008, it won the sixth Super Bowl title, the highest in the history of the NFL. The Steelers are also known for their fans' style of cheering with yellow towels, called "terile towels." The Steelers are home to Heinz Field, which was built in the North Shore district in 2001 as a football stadium.

Console Energy Center

The Penguins are one of the so-called Expansion Six teams established during the NHL Expansion in 1967. In the 1970s and 1980s, there were many lower-ranked seasons, but in 1991 and 1992, he won two consecutive Stanley Cup titles and in 2009, he won two consecutive Stanley Cup titles in 2016 and 2017. The Penguin is built as a stadium to replace the former Mellon Arena located at the eastern end of the downtown area and is based in the Console Energy Center, which opened in 2010.

Along with these major professional sports, Panthers, a sports team from Pittsburgh University, is also important in Pittsburgh. Panthers belongs to the Big East Conference, which belongs to NCAA's division I. The conference has 16 teams, the largest division I (but eight football teams), joined and is known as a battleground especially in men's basketball. The Panthers football team is home to Heinz Field and the basketball team is home to the Petersen Events Center on the campus.

Parks and recreation

Near the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahira rivers at the west end of the downtown area, Point State Park is built. In the park, the remains of a small fortress of Pittsburgh, the oldest existing building. At the junction, water is taken from the downpour running water running under the park and water is jetted up to the height of 45.7m from the ground. The park serves as a place for downtown workers and residents to relax and is one of the tourist attractions of Pittsburgh. The park also holds the Three Rivers Art Festival in June every year, and the Independent Day fireworks display in July and the Three Rivers Regatta boat festival.

In the eastern part of the city lies the Shenlay Park, which straddles the Auckland and the Squyllal Hill district and has a property of about 1,845,000m². The park is located south of the Carnegie Mellon campus and southeast of the Pittsburgh campus. At the entrance of the park, the Shenlay Plaza is a garden, a food stand, and a Victorian-period merry-go-round for families. A Phipps greenhouse and a botanical garden are located in the park. The park also has plenty of sports facilities, including a hiking course, 13 tennis courts, a weather-type track and field, a soccer field, an ice skating rink, a swimming pool, 18-hole golf courses, and 18-hole disk golf courses.

In West Mifflin in the southeast, there is an amusement park called Kenywood. This amusement park, which opened in 1898, is one of the only two amusement parks in the U.S. registered as a National Register of Historic Sites. Kenywood was run by family until 2007 after its opening, but since then it has been run by Parks Reunidos, an amusement park company in Madrid, which has been operating worldwide.

From the Shenlay Plaza to the University of Pittsburgh's Cathedral, Steven Foster Memorial, and Heinz Chapel, are on the left, and the Carnegie Institute is on the back of the forest on the right.

urban population

The population of each of the counties that form the metropolitan area of Pittsburgh and the metropolitan area is as follows (Census of the United States of 2010).

Pittsburgh metropolitan area

Pittsburgh-Newcastle-Wiaton metropolitan area

urban population transition

Below is a graph and chart showing the population transition from 1800 to 2010 in Pittsburgh City.

Pittsburgh has established a sister-city relationship with the following 15 cities.

• Wuhan City (People's Republic of China)
• Ostrava (Czech Republic)
• Saitama City (Saitama Prefecture, Japan) - Omiya City established a sister-city relationship with Pittsburgh.
• Zagreb, Croatia
• Salbrücken, Germany
• San Isidro (Nicaragua)
• Sheffield (England, UK)
• Skopje (Macedonia)
• Sofia (Bulgaria)
• Danang (Vietnam)
• Donetsk (Ukraine)
• Bilbao, Spain
• Fernando de la Mora (Paraguay)
• Presov (Slovakia)
• Matanzas (Cuba)

• City of Pittsburgh Government - Pittsburgh City Official Website
• Pittsburgh Convention and Visitors Bureau
• Historic Pittsburgh Maps Collection
• Port Authority of Allegheny County
• Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra
• Pittsburgh Opera
• Kennywood
• Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania - City-Data.com
• Pittsburgh, PA - Yahoo!Map Map